Stuff Jos van der Woude cares about (Entries tagged as history)

The incredible but true story of the Gemma Constantiniana

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Wed, 06 May 2015 12:58:00 +0000

Introduction

May 4th, 2015 we visited the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden on a whim, because we read the museum would be closed for renovations, at least for the rest of the year. The Egyptian department is my favorite, so we went there first. But on the upper floor my eye caught something else. I took a photo of this strange piece of jewelry, and once back home, I researched it. Read on to find out what I discovered about this fascinating piece of jewelry...

The Gemma Constantiniana is one of the greatest cameos from classical antiquity. It was made in honour of Constantine’s victory over his rival Maxentius in AD 312. It is a large agate of two layers of grey and brown (21.1 × 29.7 cm) and shows an Emperor and his family on a chariot drawn by two centaurs trampling on fallen enemies, while a flying Victory holds a wreath. Both the style and the scene depicted point to the fourth century: Constantine the Great is pictured with his spouse Fausta, his son Crispus and his mother Helena. Comparison with Constantinian coins and a close scrutiny of the scene portrayed lead to the conclusion that this work of art was produced in the years 312—315 and served as a present on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Emperor's accession, in 315. Thus it is the aristocratic counterpart of Constantine's popular triumphal arch. The guilded frame with gems was added in the 17th century in Antwerp.

It is possible to trace at least part of the long way the cameo travelled from the Emperor's treasure house in Rome to the Rijksmueum Oudheden in Leiden, The Netherlands, mostly thanks to meticulous recordkeeping of the Dutch East India Company.

Time line of events

Date	Place	Events
315	Rome	Cameo made in honour of Constantine’s victory over his rival Maxentius in AD 312. It served as a present on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Emperor's accession, in 315
330?	Constantinople	Roman capital transferred from Rome to Constantinople, cameo probably taken there.
1204	Constantinople	4th Crusade, sack of Constantinople. Cameo taken to France?
1204-1622	France?	Unknown, probably in a monastery or church in France
1622	Antwerp	Cameo in possession of Peter-Paul Rubens, great Baroque painter and collector of ancient cameos
1628	Antwerp	Frame with gems added by Theodoor Rogiersz in Antwerp.
1628, Oct	Amsterdam	Taken to Gaspar Boudaen in Amsterdam to be sold to the Great Mogul of India.
1628, Oct 28	Texel	The Batavia under command of Francisco Pelsaert leaves Texel with the Great cameo as its most valuable item.
1629, Jun 4	Abrolhos Islands, off the coast of Western Austalia	At about 5 a.m. on 4 June 1629 the Dutch ship the Batavia, belonging to the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC), on its way to Java with 316 people on board, struck Morning Reef in the Wallabi Group of the Abrolhos Islands, about sixty kilometres off the central west coast of Western Australia.
1629, Jun 4 – Sep 17	Abrolhos Islands, off the coast of Western Austalia	Cameo in possession of the mutineers of the infamous Batavia Mutiny. In the absence of captain Pelsaert the mutineers, led by Jeronimus Cornelisz, callously murdered about 110 men, women and children, in many cases with horrific savagery and cruelty. Cornelisz never committed any of the murders himself, although he tried and failed to poison a baby (who was eventually strangled). Instead, he used his powers of persuasion to coerce others into doing it for him, firstly under the pretense that the victim had committed a crime such as theft. Eventually, the mutineers began to kill for pleasure, or simply because they were bored. He planned to reduce the island's population to around 45 so that their supplies would last as long as possible. Although Cornelisz had left the soldiers, led by Wiebbe Hayes, to die, they had in fact found good sources of water and food on their islands. Initially, they were unaware of the barbarity taking place on the other islands and sent pre-arranged smoke signals announcing their finds. However, they soon learned of the massacres from survivors fleeing Cornelisz' island. In response, the soldiers devised makeshift weapons from materials washed up from the wreck. They also set a watch so that they were ready for the mutineers, and built a small fort out of limestone and coral blocks. Cornelisz seized on the news of water on the other island, as his own supply was dwindling and the continued survival of the soldiers threatened his own success. He went with his men to try to defeat the soldiers marooned on West Wallabi Island. However, the trained soldiers were by now much better fed than the mutineers and easily defeated them in several battles, eventually taking Cornelisz hostage. The mutineers who escaped regrouped under a man named Wouter Loos and tried again, this time employing muskets to besiege Hayes' fort and almost defeated the soldiers. But Wiebbe Hayes' men prevailed again, just as Pelsaert arrived in the rescue ship the Saardam. A race to the rescue ship ensued between Cornelisz's men and the soldiers. Wiebbe Hayes reached the ship first and was able to present his side of the story to Pelsaert. After a short battle, the combined force captured all of the mutineers.
1629, Oct 2	Abrolhos Islands, off the coast of Western Austalia	Cameo retrieved from mutineers. Pelsaert decided to conduct a trial on the islands, because the Saardam on the return voyage to Batavia would have been overcrowded with survivors and prisoners. After a brief trial, the worst offenders were taken to Seal Island and executed. Cornelisz and several of the major mutineers had both hands chopped off before being hanged on October 2. Wouter Loos and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, were considered only minor offenders and were abandoned on the Western Australian coast, probably at the mouth of Hutt River, about 450 kilometres north of where Perth now stands. They were provided with a boat, food, toys and trinkets to trade, and a set of instructions. Thus they became the first Europeans to take up residence in Australia, and their instructions directed them to “make themselves known to the folk of this land.” Reports of unusually light-skinned Aborigines in the area by later British settlers have been suggested as evidence that the two men might have been adopted into a local Aboriginal clan. Some amongst the Amangu people of the mainland have a blood group specific to Leyden, in Holland. However, numerous other European shipwreck survivors, such as those from the wreck of the Zuytdorp in the same region in 1712, may also have had such contact with indigenous inhabitants.
1629, Dec	Batavia (Jakarta)	The remaining mutineers were taken to Batavia for trial. Five were hanged, while several others were flogged. Cornelisz's second in command, Jacop Pietersz, was broken on the wheel, the most severe punishment available at the time. A board of inquiry decided that Pelsaert had exercised a lack of authority and was therefore partly responsible for what had happened. His financial assets were seized, and he died a broken man within a year. On the other hand, the common soldier Wiebbe Hayes was hailed as a hero. The Dutch East India Company promoted him to sergeant, and later to lieutenant, which increased his salary fivefold. Of the original 341 people on board the Batavia, only 68 made it to the port of Batavia.
1632	Suratte, India	Cameo taken aboard the warship Amboina to Suratte, India for sale to governor Mirmousa. No deal.
1633	Batavia	Cameo returns to Batavia onboard the warship ‘s-Hertogenbosch.
1634, Aug	Batavia	Cameo stays in Batavia; drawings are sent to Hindoustan and Persia in order to sell it. No deal.
1636?	Gamron, Persia	Cameo sent to Gamron in Persia. No deal.
1637, Jun	Batavia	Cameo returns to Batavia.
1637, Dec	Achin, Sumatra	Bad weather forces premature return to Batavia.
1638, Feb 24	Achin, Sumatra	King of Atjeh refuses to buy the cameo.
1640	Suratte, India	Cameo taken aboard the warship Nieuw-Zeeland to Suratte, India for sale to governor Mirmousa. No deal.
1641, Apr	Batavia	Cameo returns to Batavia aboard the warship Nieuw-Zeeland.
1641 - 1647	Batavia	Cameo in store
1647	Suratte, India	Gaspar Boudaen's son comes out to the East Indies and takes it to Suratte, but he, too, fails to sell it.
1653-1656	The Netherlands	Cameo returns to the heirs of Gaspar Boudaen in the Netherlands
1656-1756	The Netherlands	Unknown
1756, Sep 11	Amsterdam, de Munt	Cameo is auctioned for fl 5500 at the Munt in Amsterdam, probably to Jacob Hop.
1783, Oct 1	Amsterdam, de Munt	Cameo is up for auction at the Munt in Amsterdam by the heirs of Jacob Hop (Pabst). No deal.
1808	Paris	Cameo is taken to Paris and a detailed drawing is made by Lacour. Cameo is almost sold to Napoleon for ff 110.000. Events in 1813 preclude a deal.
1823	Leiden	King Willem I buys the cameo for fl 50.000 from Jacob Hop’s grandson. Cameo is taken to the Royal Coin Cabinet in Leiden.
2007, May 24	Utrecht	Cameo is transferred to the Money museum in Utrecht
2014, Jan 15	Leiden	Cameo is transferred to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden

Sources

A. N. ZADOKS, JOSEPHUS JITTA and A. van der Gracht, Oud Holland Jaarg. 66, (1951), pp. 191-211 De Lotgevallen van den Grooten Camee in het Koninklijk Penningkabinet

Rupert Gerritsen, Austalia's First Criminal Prosecutions in 1629, 2011

Harmen van der Woude (15 Aug 1962 – 19 Feb 1985)

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Fri, 16 May 2014 17:53:31 +0000

Looking back at the family photos of my youth, it seems my brother Harmen and I were inseparable. It seems strange, because when we were older we chose very different paths. Harmen liked drawing pictures and received the highest marks for them in elementary school. I liked to read books I borrowed from the public library. I went to University to study physics and later psychology. My brother Harmen was accepted at the Art Academy in Groningen.

My mother claims my brother was an adorable and sweet boy when little. From the age of 10 however, Harmen was not an easy person to get along with. We all used to say he was “a bit strange”; this label did not make interacting with him any easier; he had an uncanny way of getting on people’s bad side and make people uncomfortable; even irritated. Looking back, I realize Harmen often did not conform to informal rules of acceptable social behavior. Rules we all follow, without being aware of them most of the time. Only when someone does not follow these rules we notice something is a bit off.

Things turned a bit more worrisome when Harmen moved to Groningen. He did not seems to make any friends at school, his room always was a complete mess and he started venting really strange ideas about the world around him. After an incident in which Harmen destroyed some of my belongings while staying at my place, my father went to our family physician with Harmen. They were quickly referred to the University hospital in Groningen. Harmen stayed a while for observation and diagnosis at the clinic of prof. dr. van den Hoofdakker. Eventually he was diagnosed with an advanced case of schizophrenia and a long term stay in an institution was recommended. The first night Harmen was there, he decided he did not want to live like that and he ended his life on February 19th 1985.

Rest in Peace my dear brother. You will not be forgotten. Click on the following link to open a catalog of all known works of art by Harmen van der Woude. This opens in a new window. Works of Art by Harmen van der Woude

Jacob-Cornelisz van Oostsanen exhibition in Amsterdam and Alkmaar

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Wed, 07 May 2014 09:50:44 +0000

October 2013 I visited the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples, Italy. After having seen many great Italian masterpieces my eye caught something different. "This is not Italian, this looks more Northern European" I mumbled to myself.

Lo and behold, it was a painting by a Dutch master called Jacob-Cornelisz van Oostsanen. To my shame I have to admit, I had not heard of him before. I did like the painting though, and looked at it in detail. I also took a photograph and then went on to see many more Italian masterpieces ... To my great surprise a couple of months later I saw the very same painting in a large article about a new exhibition opening in both Amsterdam and Alkmaar. Here was the chance to see this painting again, apparently cleaned and accompanied by a great many other works by Van Oostsanen from all over the world. What an unique opportunity! So I went to the Amsterdam Museum to see "my painting" again. It is called "The Nativity with the Boelen family as donors". The colors were much brighter than I remembered them. This is the effect of the painting having been cleaned. This time I studied the painting in even more detail and thoroughly enjoyed doing so. In this painting Bethlehem is situated in a very Dutch looking coastal landscape. Cool!

A weekend later I went to Alkmaar to see the rest of the exhibition. The painting I liked best is on view at the Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar and it is called "Noli me Tangere" (Latin: Do Not Touch Me). The colors are spectacular and the detail is unbelievable. Apart from the main scene there are many more smaller scenes in the painting. The smallest is Jesus sitting down at a table with others in one of the buildings in the city in the background. It is too small to see on this photograph! The painting just does not look like it was made in 1507. So who was Jacob-Cornelisz van Oostsanen? Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen (1475-1533) is the earliest artist in Amsterdam that we know by name he was a celebrated artist in the early sixteenth century. His studio on the Kalverstraat, then already a fashionable street, developed into a highly productive workshop, taking commissions from patrons in Holland and beyond. He provided portraits and religious pictures, as well as combinations of the two, whether in print or oils. Van Oostsanen is one of the great masters from the Northern Netherlands who laid the foundation for the flourishing success of Dutch art that followed. His works show how art developed during his lifetime from the late medieval style to the early Renaissance. His taste for unexpected details and the exceptional quality of the thirty or more surviving paintings, as well as his two hundred woodcuts, are spectacular to view.

Key to understanding why Jacob-Cornelisz van Oostsanen is relatively unknown in the Netherlands today, is the fact that he lived and worked in a Roman-Catholic Amsterdam just decades before the Protestant Reformation. Protestant reformers were sharply opposed to what they considered the idolatry of the Host. In 1566 during the "Beeldenstorm" (Iconoclastic Fury) a lot of Dutch Catholic art was destroyed by militant Calvinists. On May 26, 1578 a bloodless revolution turned Amsterdam from a Catholic city into a Protestant one. The Catholic town council was expelled, and from then on Catholics were no longer allowed to worship in public. Civic authorities also dissolved the convents and monasteries, and their properties — along with all Catholic churches — were confiscated. Moveable goods, like paintings, were mosty sold to foreign buyers and thus saved from destruction.

Please do not forget to take a look at the ceiling paintings in the St Lawrence's church, next to the museum in Alkmaar. They are recently restored and awesome! It is Jacob-Cornelisz van Oostsanen's interpretation of The Last Judgement. Shown here is a tiny detail of this vast work of art. The photograph was taken with my new Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM lens with an EF 1.4x III extender fitted.

The exhibition is on show until June 29, 2014 at three separate locations: The Amsterdam Museum Amsterdam, the Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar and the St Lawrence’s church in Alkmaar.

Two famous inhabitants of the San Marco convent in Florence Italy

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Wed, 31 Oct 2012 09:18:10 +0000

Last week we were in Italy again (-: . The weather was great, the food as delicious as always and we spent many hours visiting museums, churches and other interesting sites. There is a whole list of things to talk about: The Uffizi in Florence, the national museum of medieval art San Matteo in Pisa, the little mountain town of Barga with its wonderful church, the Devil’s Bridge near Lucca, the Duomo in Lucca, the list goes on. Of all things worthy to share one subject stands out: the convent of San Marco in Florence. Why, you ask? The amazing frescoes by Fra Angelico for one thing and its link to Girolamo Savonarola, reformer and heretic who eventually was tortured and hanged for his alleged crimes in the main square of Florence.

San Marco
The San Marco church and convent is now a museum. I have visited Florence five or six times and yet this was my first visit to the San Marco museum. The reason for this has partly to do with its location, it is slightly out of the way in the northern part of the inner city and in addition to this it probably is a typical place to visit after you have seen all the main attractions. Nevertheless it is a real gem for its art and place in history. The convent we see today is basically unaltered since it was build in 1437 on a site of an earlier church. The new complex was occupied by the Dominican order and sponsored by Lorenzo di Medici, who had a personal cell here to retreat into.

Fra Angelico
Fra Angelico lived in this convent from 1436–1445 and during this time he painted many frescoes on the walls of the convent. What is special about these frescoes is their intended audience and effect. Mostly frescoes and paintings were meant to educate the general public about the Holy Scriptures. The frescoes Fra Angelico painted in this convent were meant to be seen only by the friars living there. These friars were literate and were very well aware of the stories in the bible. Fra Angelico painted these meditational frescoes with the specific purpose of evoking spiritual energy, thus assisting the friars in solitary payer and contemplation. In today's terms we would say that these frescoes show and evoke real human emotion. Please take a close look at the face of the Dominican friar in the picture to the right (Click image for a larger version in a separate window). And it is just that what is so special in a work of art from 1445, heralding the coming of a new age: The Renaissance. Put in yet another way: Fra Angelico realized the advancements made by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel and carried them further. Today, most works of art can only be seen out of their original context in a distant museum. The fact that these frescoes are still in their original places in the convent for which they were made makes them doubly special. There are not many places on Earth were you can see so much great art in its original unaltered context.

Girolamo Savonarola
Another famous inhabitant of this convent was Girolamo Savonarola. In fact he occupied Fra Angelico's cell from 1482 till his public hanging in the main square of Florence in 1498. I had read about this preacher, reformer, hertic before, but I had never really understood his significance till now. From an early age (as we know from letters to his father) he was appalled by the hypocracy of the clergy. Today we would call him a Puritan. He found his calling as a preacher when he impressed the public with his message that the Church had to change its corrupt ways. People were outright scared when he correctly predicted that a "Powerful Sword of the Lord from the North" (King Charles VIII of France) would invade Italy and threaten Florence. The good citizens of Florence quickly austed their rulers, the di Medici's, and after that Savonarola convinced the French to bypass Florence all together and go after the real culprit instead: the Pope in Rome. For a short while Savonarola ran the city of Florence as a democratic theocracy. Depending on who's writing the account this was a paradise on earth, a haven of democracy in a corrupt world or sheer maddness reaching a climax in the carnival of 1497 where Savonarola organized troops of boys and girls to tour the city, house to house, and begged the people to give up their gauds and vanities, from cosmetics to pagan books and paintings, the worldly things that turned their hearts away from true Christian living. And soon in the great square of Florence rose a great pyramid, fifteen stories high, carnival masks, rich dresses women's ornaments, wigs, mirrors, powder puffs, rouge-pots, lip-sticks, cards and dice, perfume and cosmetics, books of poems and on magic, musical instruments, trinkets of all kinds and worldly paintings in which Greek nymphs displayed their unclothed shapes. When Savonarola attacked Pope Alexander VI directly, accusing him of debauchery, he took on an enemy too powerful to mess with. You might recognize the name of Pope Alexander VI and if you are wondering why it is because you know him from the TV series The Borgias. Yes, it is the very same Pope. The Pope excommunicated Savonarola (this did not bother him much) and threatened the Florentines with an interdict. This interdict meant in effect a trade embargo for the city of Florence. So Savonarola all of a sudden became a lot less popular with the good citizens of Florence. They forced him to shut up. But Savonarola was no the man to be shut up for long, he persisted in his ways preaching puritanism and calling for church reforms. Savonarola hinted at performing miracles to prove his divine mission, but when a rival Franciscan preacher proposed to test that mission by walking through fire, he lost control of the public discourse. Without consulting him, his confidant fra Domenico da Pescia offered himself as his surrogate and Savonarola felt he could not afford to refuse. A crowd filled the central square, eager to see if God would intervene and if so, on which side. The nervous contestants and their delegations delayed the start of the contest for hours. A sudden rain drenched the spectators and government officials cancelled the proceedings. The crowd disbanded angrily; the burden of proof had been on Savonarola and he was blamed for the fiasco. A mob assaulted the convent of San Marco. Savonarola and two friends were arrested and imprisoned. Under torture Savonarola confessed to having invented his prophecies and visions, then retracted, then confessed again. On the morning of May 23, 1498, the three friars were led out into the main square where, before a tribunal of high clerics and government officials, they were condemned as heretics and schismatics, and sentenced to die forthwith. Stripped of their Dominican garments in ritual degradation, they mounted the scaffold in their thin white shirts. Each on a separate gallows, they were hanged, while a fire was ignited below them to consume their bodies. There is a painting in the San Marco museum depicting this very scene, although not very realistically, because we know from written accounts the square was crowded with people both cheering and crying. Click on the picture to the right to open a larger version in a separate window.

Opinions
The Britannica online encyclopedia considers Savonarola a forerunner of Luther and mentions that in Worms, Germany Savonarola has a statue besides the statue of Martin Luther himself. The Catholic online encyclopedia mentions that the Pope had been very lenient and finally had to act against Savonarola to prevent a schism in the Roman Catholic Church. The statue in Worms is totally unwarranted in their view. Finally Machiavelli wrote in the Prince:"If Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus had been unarmed they could not have enforced their constitutions for long — as happened in our time to Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who was ruined with his new order of things immediately the multitude believed in him no longer, and he had no means of keeping steadfast those who believed or of making the unbelievers to believe."

In 1982 Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico and 1984 declared him patron of Catholic artists. It seems unlikely that Savonarola, Fra angelico's "cellmate" in the convent of San Marco, will be bestowed the same honor any time soon ...

The Fourth Crusade

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Thu, 12 Apr 2012 10:33:33 +0000

Today April 12th 2012 it is exactly 808 years ago the knights of the Fourth Crusade sacked the city of Constantinople.

The painting on the right is called "Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople" by Eugène Delacroix, 1840.

This is one of those pivotal moments in history. Its importance cannot be easily overestimated, even from a distance of 808 years. What happened?

The aim of the Fourth Crusade was to recapture Jerusalem for Christianity. Boniface of Montferrat the leader of the Crusade, with full papal approval and support, negotiated a shipping contract with the Venetians to transport 33500 crusaders to Egypt for an agreed sum of 85000 silver marks. The Venetians took a full year to build 50 war galleys and 450 transports. Too bad only 12000 crusaders showed up in Venice with 51000 silver marks. The Doge of Venice was not amused. He demanded that the Crusaders invade the rival port of Zara in Croatia as a form of financial compensation. Some of the crusaders refused and returned home. The majority of the army followed their leaders to Zara in an attempt to prevent the crusade's complete failure. A letter from the Pope to the leadership threatening excommunication if the army attacked Christian neighbors was concealed from the army. The Christian city of Zara was sacked by the Christian army of the Fourth Crusade on November 23, 1202. When Pope Innocent III heard of the sack of Zara he sent a letter to the crusaders excommunicating them. Out of fear that this would dissolve the army the leaders of the crusade decided not to inform the army of this. Anyway, a little later, regarding the Crusaders as having been blackmailed by the Venetians, The Pope rescinded the excommunications against all non-Venetians in the expedition. Boniface of Montferrat, meanwhile, met with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos, the son of the recently deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos. Alexios offered to pay the entire debt owed to the Venetians, give 200000 silver marks to the Crusaders, 10000 Byzantine professional troops for the Crusade, the maintenance of 500 knights in the Holy Land, the service of the Byzantine navy to transport the Crusader army to Egypt and the placement of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the authority of the Pope if they would sail to Constantinople (Byzantium) and topple the reigning emperor Alexios III Angelos. It was a tempting offer for an enterprise that was short on funds. Boniface agreed. Most of the rest of the Crusade's leaders eventually accepted the plan as well. Again not all agreed. Those who refused to take part in the scheme to attack Christendom's greatest city left the Crusade and sailed on their own to Syria.

Thus it happened that the great Christian army of the Fourth Crusade lay siege to one of the oldest and most prosperous Christian cities on earth. Starting July 11th 2013 it took the army until April 12th 2014 to the breach the defenses of Constantinople. Too bad the promised riches failed to materialize. Although Alexios tried in desperation to melt down priceless Byzantine icons, he could not keep his part of the bargain. What followed was a sack described by Speros Vryonis in his book 'Byzantium and Europe' as follows: "The Latin soldiery subjected the greatest city in Europe to an indescribable sack. For three days they murdered, raped, looted and destroyed on a scale which even the ancient Vandals and Goths would have found unbelievable. Constantinople had become a veritable museum of ancient and Byzantine art, an emporium of such incredible wealth that the Latins were astounded at the riches they found. Though the Venetians had an appreciation for the art which they discovered (they were themselves semi-Byzantines) and saved much of it, the French and others destroyed indiscriminately, halting to refresh themselves with wine, violation of nuns, and murder of Orthodox clerics. The Crusaders vented their hatred for the Greeks most spectacularly in the desecration of the greatest Church in Christendom. They smashed the silver iconostasis, the icons and the holy books of Hagia Sophia, and seated upon the patriarchal throne a whore who sang coarse songs as they drank wine from the Church's holy vessels. The estrangement of East and West, which had proceeded over the centuries, culminated in the horrible massacre that accompanied the conquest of Constantinople. The Greeks were convinced that even the Turks, had they taken the city, would not have been as cruel as the Latin Christians. The defeat of Constantinople, already in a state of decline, accelerated political degeneration so that the Byzantines eventually became an easy prey to the Turks. The Crusading movement thus resulted, ultimately, in the victory of Islam, a result which was of course the exact opposite of its original intention."

How come two great Christian civilizations turned against each other eventually leading to the rise of Islam in South Eastern Europe? The experiences of the earlier Crusades had thrown into stark relief the vast cultural differences between the two civilizations. The Latins (as the Byzantines called them because of their adherence to the Latin Rite) viewed the Byzantine preference for diplomacy and trade over war, as duplicitous and degenerate, and their policy of tolerance and assimilation towards Muslims as a corrupt betrayal of the faith. For their part, the educated and wealthy Byzantines saw the Latins as lawless, impious, covetous, blood-thirsty, undisciplined and unwashed (literally). However, although maybe a little smelly, in one of the first cavalry skirmishes during the siege of Constantinople just 80 Frankish knights defeated 500 Byzantine horsemen.

Eight hundred years after the Fourth Crusade, Pope John Paul II twice expressed sorrow for the events of the Fourth Crusade. In 2001, he wrote to Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens, saying, "It is tragic that the assailants, who set out to secure free access for Christians to the Holy Land, turned against their brothers in the faith. The fact that they were Latin Christians fills Catholics with deep regret." In 2004, while Bartholomew I, Patriarch of Constantinople, was visiting the Vatican, John Paul II asked, "How can we not share, at a distance of eight centuries, the pain and disgust." This has been regarded as an apology to the Greek Orthodox Church for the terrible slaughter perpetrated by the warriors of the Fourth Crusade.

Much of the material in this article comes from the Wikipedia entry on the Fourth Crusade. I encourage everyone to read and heed this. Follow this link.

Diederik van Vleuten

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Sat, 25 Feb 2012 08:36:17 +0000

Today we attended an one man show in the theater in Groningen. It is an act not easily classified. Basically he told us about his own family during the 19th and 20th centuries in Indonesia. The effect was a powerful story about the past of the Netherlands as a colonial power and the Second World War in Asia. These are subjects not easily talked about here and his show caused quite a stir. Many now very old people who lived through that and never before shared their experiences, spoke up after seeing this show. Very powerful stuff.

In the fall of 2012 Diederik van Vleuten will start a new show using the same concept. This time about the first world war. I am looking forward to it.

Boniface murdered near Dokkum Frisia

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Sat, 25 Feb 2012 07:05:51 +0000

At school I learned that St. Boniface, apostle of Germans, was murdered near Dokkum in the year 752.
Today Dokkum is a very pleasant town in the north of The Netherlands with a little museum dedicated to Boniface.
This is what I learned there. Boniface was born an Englishman near what is now Exeter in Devon in the year 675. When he was killed on June 5th in 752 he was already an old man with a very impressive clergical and political career. What were his accomplishments? He christianized a huge area of Europe what is now mainly Eastern Germany and founded monasteries and bishop seats all over the place. He was an excellent organizer. The borders of the bishop seats he founded are mostly still in use today. With papal letters in hand he organized the local churches in the tradition of Rome. This made him not very popular among the Christian Frankish and Gallic rulers, who had their own ambitions to extend their territories Eastward and did not need an Englishman to meddle in their affairs in their own backyard. To make matters worse, the local Frankish and Gallic churches had deviated considerably from the doctrines of Rome and Boniface was tireless in his efforts to point this out to the local nobility. In short the local christian rulers had plenty of reasons for wanting to get rid of Boniface. So did these Frankish rulers have a hand in organizing the murder of Boniface by the heathen Frisians near Dokkum? We will never know for sure.

The Frisians were punished severely for their horrible crime and most men in Dokkum were butchered and the women were taken back home as trophy. The rest were forcibly Christianized. This did not last very long. In the year 800 the Frisians collectively reverted to paganism and only some time after that the Frankish rulers subdued and converted the proud Frisians again. This time it did last.

Boniface's many travels throughout Europe.

Agriculture museum in Eernewoude

nospam@example.com (Jos van der Woude) — Sat, 25 Feb 2012 06:52:20 +0000

Today we went to the agriculture museum in Eernewoude, Friesland. The reason was that we wanted to see one of the historic shedders made by my father's company in the 50's and 60's. Alas it was not on display. We did see an early example of a Combine made out of timber! The form and shape of it looks familiar, I just had never seen one made out of wood.